Caminhos e descaminhos de uma ideologia: o Marxismo na Universidade

Abstract

RESUMO O estudo visa a penetração da ideologia marxista nas Universidades brasileiras nos anos 50 e 60 e, depois do golpe de 64, sobretudo nos Departamentos de Ciências Sociais. Causas apontadas, o populismo e Esquerdismo dos Governos, os movimentos e entidades estudantis, as teologias da libertação, e a adesão de professores e estudantes a várias formas de idealismo dialético. Pontos de referência, a criação do Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros (ISEB), o papel da União Nacional dos Estudantes (UNE) e da Ação Popular (AP). Discute a estrutura formal da Universidade, suas fraquezas institucionais e organizacionais, a contribuição de professores nacionais e estrangeiros à politização geral. A crise do Marxismo na Europa não parece ter causado retrocesso, apenas modificação, nesse pendor ideológico; sobrevive em organizações partidárias movimentos, livros-textos, teses e dissertações e, num ensino que não parece à altura das necessidades da pesquisa científica, da mudança social e dos imperativos de reforma universitária. ABSTRACT Routes and misroutes of an ideology: marxism in Brazilian University. v. 27, n. 2, p. 285-361, jul./dez. 1999. Studies the invasion of Marxist ideology in Brazilian Universities in the fifties’and sixties’ and, after the 64 coup, mostly in the Department of Social Sciences. Factors quoted include rampant populism, leftist in Governments, students’ movements and associations, the upsurge of theologies of liberation, as well as the expansion of dialect idealism among teachers and students. Points of reference are given, such as the foundation of the Institute of Brazilian Studies (ISEB) (1954), the important role of the Students National Association (UNE) and Popular Action (AP). The formal structure of the University itself, its institutional and organizational weakness are discussed as well as the personal contribution of some outstanding teachers, foreign and national to the politization of Academic Crisis of Marxism in Europa does not seem to bring a decline in the ideology. It survives in slogans and protests as well as in academic papers, thesis, dissertations, in the teaching in general which does not seem to cope up either with scientific research, or social change and the needs for reform. RÉSUMÉ Vérités et erreurs d’une idéologie: le Marxisme dans l’Université. v. 27, n. 2, p. 285-361, jul./dez. 1999. Cette étude se propose de montrer la pénétration de l’idéologie marxiste dans les Universités brésiliennes au cours des années 50 et 60 et, après le coup d’état de 64, surtout dans le domaine des Sciences Sociales. Les causes alléguées: le populisme et le gauchisme des gouvernements, les mouvements et les organisations d’étudiants, les théologies de la libération, l’adhésion de professeurs et d’étudiants à diverses formes d’idéalisme dialectique. Points de référence: la création de l’Institut d’Etudes Brésiliennes (ISEB), le rôle de l’ “Union Nationale des Etudiants” (UNE) et de l’ “Action Populaire” (AP). Il analyse la structure précise de l’Université, ses faiblesses institutionnelles et d’organisation, la contribution des professeurs brésiliens et étrangers à la politisation générale. La crise du Marxisme en Europe ne semble pas avoir causé de recul, à peine des modifications à cette tendance idéologique; elle survit dans des organisations partisanes, des mouvements, des thèses et des dissertations et, dans un enseignement qui n’apparaît pas à la hauteur des nécessités de la recherche scientifique, du changement social et des impératifs de la réforme universitaire.