Municipalização do ensino de 1º grau: uma questão que vai e volta

Abstract

As primeiras propostas de municipalização do ensino fundamental surgiram na década de vinte, encaminhadas por intelectuais de esquerda, liderados por Anísio Teixeira. A partir de então as expectativas municipalistas ora ressurgem no discurso político, ora no discurso de educadores. Exaurindo-se sempre no problema financeiro dos municípios brasileiros. Este artigo mostra como ao nível do Governo Federal e através do tempo a discussão da municipalização do ensino se tem esgotado na variação dos percentuais de receitas a serem aplicados no ensino. E discute algumas das implicações da municipalização sobre a qualidade do ensino. The first proposals for municipalizing basic education date from the twenties, having been put forward by left bening intellecutuals led by Anlsio Teixeira. Ever since then municipalist expectations have reappeared, sometimes in a political context, sometimes in an educational one, but have always come to nothing, owing to the financial problem of Brazilian municipalities. This article shows how, at a federal government level and over time, the discussion of the municipalization of education has been reduced to the variation in the percentages of revenue to be devoted to education. It also examines some of the implications of municipalization with regard to the quality of education. Broadly speaking, the author highlights the fact the seventies represent a tuming-point in the evolution of the region’s pupulation, underscoring and analysing the main events relevant to its dynamic: the convergence of the latter accoprding to urbano r rural domicile, the intensification of the rural exodus, the slackening of the net emigration of notheasternesto the resto f the country, etc. The author attempts to interpret and relate these events and the respective differentials eliticed (by rural-urban status, sex, educational level, income bracket, etc) to sócio-economic determinants whose influence during the abovementioned period was a very strong one.